Cisco CCNA

Telnet is a simple yet powerful program that allows you to connect to a remote Cisco router or switch, and then configure it as though you were right at the console. Telnet is also one of those features that seems so very simple, until you get asked a half dozen questions about it on your Cisco CCNA exams. As with all topics, it’s the details you know about Telnet that will help you pass the Intro and ICND exams.

Let’s take a look at a few of these details. We’ll begin by debunking one common belief about Telnet:
Telnet runs at layer 7 of the OSI model, not layer 3!

It’s easy to think that Telnet runs at Layer 3 of the OSI model, the Network layer. After all, you’re entering an IP address when you telnet in to a Cisco  router or switch, and you may be on another router when you do it! None of that matters. Layer 3 is strictly the domain of routing. Like other features that require input from the end user, especially authentication, Telnet runs at the Application layer of the OSI model.
Speaking of authentication….
Cisco routers require a password to be set before anyone can telnet in.
Cisco routers can run quite a few passwords. We can set an enable password, an enable secret, an enable secret and enable password, a password for PPP connections, and even a console password.
All of those are optional, but the telnet password is not. Makes sense – you wouldn’t want just anyone telnetting into your router, would you?
If you have no password set on the VTY lines of your router, no one can telnet in. If they try, they’ll see this message:
R1#telnet 3.3.3.3
Trying 3.3.3.3 … Open
Password required, but none set   [Connection to 3.3.3.3 closed by foreign host]
To allow telnet access into a Cisco router, configure the VTY lines with a password and the login command:
R3#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
R3(config)#line vty 0 4
R3(config-line)#login
% Login disabled on line 2, until ‘password’ is set
% Login disabled on line 3, until ‘password’ is set
% Login disabled on line 4, until ‘password’ is set
% Login disabled on line 5, until ‘password’ is set
% Login disabled on line 6, until ‘password’ is set
R3(config-line)#password cisco ccna

Note the messages you get after enabling login. These messages simply indicate that the login won’t work until a password is set. The order with which you use the login and password commands don’t matter just make sure you use them both.

We’re not quite done, though. The remote user can now telnet in, but by default, that user will be placed into user exec mode. If the user is to be allowed to enter privileged exec mode during a telnet session, an enable password or enable secret must be set.
R1#telnet 3.3.3.3
Trying 3.3.3.3 … Open
User Access Verification
Password: cisco ccna
R3>enable
% No password set
R3>
The user is stuck in user exec until you set a local enable password. Doing so will allow the user to use that password to enter privileged exec mode.
R3#conf t
R3(config)#enable password ccna
R3(config)#^Z
R1#telnet 3.3.3.3
Trying 3.3.3.3 … Open
User Access Verification
Password: < user entered cisco here> cisco ccna
R3>enable
Password: < user entered ccna here > cisco ccna
R3#

The user is now in privileged exec mode. There’s also another method to use so the user is placed directly into privileged exec mode when telnetting in, avoiding the enable password prompt. Use the command privilege level 15 on the VTY lines to do so.
R3#conf t
R3(config)#line vty 0 4
R3(config-line)#privilege level 15
R1#telnet 3.3.3.3
Trying 3.3.3.3 … Open
User Access Verification
Password: < user entered VTY line password here > cisco ccna
R3#
Note that the user went straight to privileged exec mode.
Managing Telnet Connections

We already know how to use Telnet (a layer 7 application) to access a remote device there are also commands that help us manage telnet connections.
“show sessions” is a common command to see what current telnet sessions are operating.
Telnet sessions do not have to be exited they can be suspended as well. The command to suspend the Telnet session is followed by striking the “X” key.
To resume this telnet session, enter the resume command followed by the session number (“resume 1”) and press .
To end a suspended telnet session, enter the disconnect command followed by the session number (“disconnect 1”) and press .

The Cisco CCNA Discovery Protocol (CDP) sure looks simple enough, but there are quite a few details to know for success on the Cisco CCNA exam. In yourCisco CCNA studies, you’ll be introduced to additional uses for Cisco CCNA CDP, but for now it’s enough to know that Cisco CCNA CDP is designed to give you information regarding directly connected Cisco CCNA routers and Cisco CCNA switches.

Cisco CCNA CDP runs by default between all directly connected Cisco devices. CDP is also a Cisco CCNA protocol - if the directly connected device is not a Cisco device, you won’t see the information you wanted.

The basic Cisco CCNA CDP command to display information about the directly connected neighbor is “show cdp neighbor”.

R2#show cdp neighbor Cisco CCNA

Capability Codes: R - Router, T - Trans Bridge, B - Source Route Bridge Cisco CCNA

S - Switch, H - Host, I - IGMP, r – Repeater

Device ID Local Intrfce Holdtme Cisco CCNA Capability Platform Port ID

R1 BRI0 167 R 2521 Dialer1

This command is particularly helpful when troubleshooting Cisco CCNA switches. There’s no need to trace wiring in a rack of Cisco CCNA devices to see what routers are connected to a Cisco CCNA switch when show cdp neighbor can be used. In the above output, you can see the remote device’s hostname, what interface on the remote device is connected to the local device, the capability of the remote device, the remote device’s hardware platform, and the local interface that is connected to the remote device.Cisco CCNA

CDP can be disabled at both the global and interface level. To disable CDP at the interface level, run no cdp enable on the interface, and cdp enable to turn it back on Cisco CCNA.

cdp timer defines how often CDP packets are transmitted, and cdp holdtime defines how long a device will hold a received packet.Cisco CCNA

To turn CDP off for the entire router, run no cdp run. To view the current global status of CDP, run show cdp.
One of the major topics on your Cisco CCNA and CCNP exams is Frame Relay. Additionally, Frame Relay is one of the most popular WAN technolgies in today’s networks. Getting hands-on experience with Frame Relay in Cisco networks isn’t just a good idea, it’s a necessity. Let’s face it, your employer is going to get a little touchy if you start experimenting with your network’s Frame Relay setup.

To practice all your important Frame Relay commands for your exams, you need a working Frame Relay cloud in your home lab. A production network’s Frame cloud consists of a lot of Frame switches, but if you choose wisely, a single Cisco router can act as your home lab’s entire Frame cloud!

Before we look at the configuration of such a Cisco CCNA router (hereafter referred to as a “frame relay switch”), let’s look at the physical requirements.

The more serial ports you have, the better. You should get a router with at least four serial ports. For frame switching purposes, it doesn’t matter if the ports are synchronous or asynchronous - you just need the ports.

You will also need some Cisco CCNA DTE/DCE cables. The Cisco CCNA DCE end of the cables will be connected to the frame switch.

A great configuration for a CCNA practice lab is three routers that serve as “production” Cisco CCNA routers, and a 4th router as a frame relay switch. (You’ll want an access server as well, but that’s another article.)

What I use in my student and customer pods is a setup where R1 is connected to the frame switch’s S1 port, R2 is connected to S2 on the frame switch, and R3 is connected to the frame Cisco CCNA switch’s S3 port.

Now comes the tricky part - the configuration. A frame relay switch’s config can be hard to find, so here’s a copy of mine. Pay particular attention to the config on ports Cisco CCNA s1, s2, and s3.

When  you are reading this meansures ,if  you are planning to pass your Cisco CCNA or other Cisco exam and if you know that means you may fall victim to one of the 10 fatal exam mistakes. Enough about me anyway. I have taken a lot of IT exams since I left the police including  the MCSE, Cisco CCNA and the CCNP . IT exams are usually taken at an approved testing centre who all have to follow set rules and procedures to ensure each candidate has a similar experience. The problem is that there are factors both outside and inside the centre which can make passing the exam far more difficult for you than it needs to be.

Now I  show the ten meansures  to  how to avoid ten exam mistakes for your Cisco CCNA exam or any other IT exam for  Cisco.

Mistake NO.1 - You Do  Not Reading Your Exam Confirmation
Would you believe that my friend turned up to take a Cisco CCNA exam a few years ago and when he sat in front of the computer he realized to his horror that he was taking the wrong exam! He was a clever guy as well. It was just that when he booked the exam he mistook a number and booked himself onto a specialist Cisco CCNA exam instead of the CCNP module he wanted. Please also ensure you take your exam confirmation with you to the testing centre. I have turned up to take an exam in the past and was told that I was not expected that day or any other day in fact. If I hadn’t taken my confirmation with me then I would have had to drive all the way home as well. It is so easy to book the wrong exam so please double check before you book. Please print out your exam confirmation and double check the Cisco ccna exam code, the date, time and venue.

Mistake  NO.2 - Not Doing a Dry Run
It was at the same testing centre I have used over the past six years. The only problem was that when I arrived to take my test I parked outside the office block and went for a nice coffee safe in the knowledge that I had allowed myself a good 30 minutes before my allocated test time.
The problem was that when I went to the front door I read to my horror a sign saying that they had moved. I felt a surge of adrenaline rush through the pit of my stomach. Luckily, they had only moved to the other side of the same building. Even though, that experience was very unnerving and I was still a bit jittery when I walked into the centre.

Mistake NO.3 - Caffeine
There is a price to pay and that is having to visit the toilet every 30 minutes, butI am in Starbucks almost every day..Most Cisco CCNA exams are 90 minutes long as from my experience, they take almost exactly 90 minutes to complete. If you have to visit the toilet twice then you have lost about 5 precious minutes in your exam which you can’t afford to do.
I would avoid having any caffeinated drinks before your exam.
Mistake NO.4 - Not Reading the Questions
I know you are not daft and can read perfectly well. I have done this myself though, I read the question on the exam but due to nerves and pressure of time I see the question I want to be there. Our eyes are basically scanning tools and the brain performs some sort of auto-complete as we read any text.

Mistake NO.5 - Cram or Not to Cram
I can’t tell you which is the right thing for you to do but my personal experience is that you should not take cram notes with you for a last minute read. Sitting in your car outside the testing centre trying to read notes with your hands shaking will not help your nerves. You would be better served listening to some relaxing music.The auto-complete feature is not very useful when it comes to exams. Please read the question twice before looking at the answers.

Mistake NO.6 - Trying to Beat the Clock
That pesky clock sits in the corner of your computer screen silently taunting you as you sit there reading the questions. It might as well be a movie of sand falling through an egg timer.
The clock is a useful tool of course but don’t let it pressure you to going faster than you can. The next few questions could be very simple ones such as port numbers rather than multi-step router configurations or 5 part troubleshooting scenarios. Use the clock to keep yourself on track but don’t let it make you rush your answers.

Mistake NO.7 - Panicking
Exam nerves are very common and a little stress is good. What I find when I speak to many Cisco CCNA exam candidates is that they are experiencing symptoms such as shaking hands, excessive visits to toilets, blurred vision, memory loss and even tears!
I know how you feel because as a former police officer I have experienced terrible stress and nerves. Try having a gun pointed in your face! If you feel that exam nerves are going to affect your performance then please get help early. I recommend relaxation downloads. Find a reputable hypnosis downloads website and download some inductions for a few dollars. Money well spent. Please also see mistake 10.

Mistake NO.8 - Not Booking the Exam!
Your brain is a goal seeking organism and if you have no firm goal set then you will yourself getting distracted or side tracked with the usual things life throws at you. For this reason I strongly recommend booking your exam date, even if you are just starting out with your studies.Do you know how many people I know who tell me that they are going to book their exam ‘When I Feel Ready.’ If I could comment on this situation. You will never feel ‘ready’ so you might as well book the exam now. Book it for a few weeks time and put the date into your diary. You can always move it back if you get to a few days away and are not adequately prepared.

Mistake NO.9 - Making a Fuss
When I took a Cisco CCNA exam recently the simulation software did not load correctly. I had to configure a router but the router prompt was below the window on the screen so I couldn’t see what I was typing! Talk about difficult. I had to type commands and then press enter several times to see what I had typed finally appear in the window.

Mistake NO.10 - Taking it Too Seriously
In know it is important to you but in the grand scheme of things it is only an exam! The most important things are you health, your family and God. Failing an exam will not be the end of the world.

Conclusion
Over the past few years I have failed exams, driving tests, job interviews and several other things which seemed important at the time. I even failed the CCIE lab once and that cost me $1500 plus air fare. Ouch! I just retook anything I failed or worked out other things I wanted to do instead.
If you do fail an exam then well done, at least you had a crack at it. Write down an action plan to tackle your weak areas and book it again. Everyone in the world fails at something important and you are no exception.

At Last,keep a cool head and plan your exam in advance to give yourself the best chances of success. Treat the Cisco CCNA exam as a project and be serious about passing and at the same time, if you are not successful then give yourself a break, you are only human and anything worth passing is going to be hard by its very nature.

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1. What are two reasons that a network administrator would use access lists? (Choose two.)
A. to control vty access into a router
B. to control broadcast traffic through a router
C. to filter traffic as it passes through a router
D. to filter traffic that originates from the router
E. to replace passwords as a line of defense against security incursions
Answer: AC

2. A default Frame Relay WAN is classified as what type of physical network?
A. point-to-point
B. broadcast multi-access
C. nonbroadcast multi-access
D. nonbroadcast multipoint
E. broadcast point-to-multipoint
Answer: C

3. A single 802.11g access point has been configured and installed in the center of a square office. A few wireless users are experiencing slow performance and drops while most users are operating at peak efficiency. What are three likely causes of this problem? (Choose three.)
A. mismatched TKIP encryption
B. null SSID
C. cordless phones
D. mismatched SSID
E. metal file cabinets
F. antenna type or direction
Answer: CEF

4. The command frame-relay map ip 10.121.16.8 102 broadcast was entered on the router. Which of the following
statements is true concerning this command?
A. This command should be executed from the global configuration mode.
B. The IP address 10.121.16.8 is the local router port used to forward data.
C. 102 is the remote DLCI that will receive the information.
D. This command is required for all Frame Relay configurations.
E. The broadcast option allows packets, such as RIP updates, to be forwarded across the PVC.
Answer: E

5. Which type of attack is characterized by a flood of packets that are requesting a embedded sytem TCP connection to a server?
A. denial of service
B. brute force
C. reconnaissance
D. Trojan horse
Answer: A

6. Which of the following are associated with the application layer of the OSI model? (Choose two.)
A. ping
B. Telnet
C. FTP
D. TCP
E. IP
Answer: BC